{"product_id":"abcam-ab124001","title":"Abcam, ab124001, Native Clostridium difficile Toxin B protein","description":"\u003cp\u003eSize: 50µg\u003cbr\u003e\nNative Clostridium difficile Toxin B protein is a Clostridium difficile (strain VPI10463) Full Length protein in the 2 to 2366 aa range with \u0026gt;95% purity and suitable for SDS-PAGE and Functional studies. The predicted molecular weight of ab124001 native protein is 270 kDa.\u003cbr\u003e\nKey facts\u003cbr\u003e\nPurity:\u0026gt;95%,\u003cbr\u003e\nExpression system:Native,\u003cbr\u003e\nTags:Tag free,\u003cbr\u003e\nApplications:SDS-PAGE, FuncSSee reactivity dataSee the reactivity data table below for information on validated species and application combinations.,\u003cbr\u003e\nBiologically active:Yes,\u003cbr\u003e\nBiological activity:Measured by vercytotoxicity assay with 2 pg\/ml as lowest point at which rounded cells are observed.,\u003cbr\u003e\nAccession:P18177,\u003cbr\u003e\nAnimal free:No,\u003cbr\u003e\nCarrier free:No,\u003cbr\u003e\nSpecies:Clostridium difficile,\u003cbr\u003e\nReconstitution:Reconstitute in 250 µL of water,\u003cbr\u003e\nStorage buffer:pH: 7 - 8Constituents: 92% Clostridium difficile Toxin B, 5% Sucrose, 1.19% HEPES, 0.88% Sodium chloride\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eProduct details:\u003cbr\u003e\nThe Native Clostridium difficile Toxin B protein ab124001 is derived from a pathogenic organism, and may be involved in a disease process, consequently exposure may have adverse health effects.\u003cbr\u003e\nThis product is an active protein and may elicit a biological response in vivo, handle with caution.\u003cbr\u003e\nEnsure the validity of your result using our native Clostridium difficile Toxin B protein ab124001 as a positive control in SDS-PAGE.\u003cbr\u003e\nCheck out our protein gel staining guide for SDS-PAGE\u003cbr\u003e\nFunctional Studies Protocol\u003cbr\u003e\n1.1 Vero cells are plated out the night before on a 96-well plate at a concentration of 20K cells per well (in 100 ml), then incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2. The following day they should be lightly confluent.\u003cbr\u003e\n1.2 Lyophilised toxin\/toxoid is resuspended as per the instructions in the certificate of analysis, and diluted in duplicate to 0.1 mg\/ml in DMEM (200 ml total) without FBS in the first well of a non-TC-treated 96-well plate. A serial 5-fold dilution is performed (40µl in 160 µl) in the same media using a multichannel for 11 dilutions in total, leaving the 12th dilution as a media control.\u003cbr\u003e\n1.3 20 µl of each dilution is then pipetted onto each well of the pre-prepared Vero cells and then incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours.\u003cbr\u003e\n1.4 The following day, the cells are examined using an inverted phase contrast tissue culture microscope. Cells with active toxin on should be rounded, cells without significant toxicity should look like the control cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eProperties and Storage Information:\u003cbr\u003e\nShipped at conditions-Blue Ice, Appropriate short-term storage conditions-+4°C, Appropriate long-term storage conditions-+4°C, Storage information-Avoid freeze \/ thaw cycle\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Information:\u003cbr\u003e\nThis supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.\u003cbr\u003e\nClostridium difficile Toxin B also known as CD Toxin B or B protein is a potent toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. It is one of the major virulence factors alongside Toxin A. This protein carries significant weight approximately 270 kDa. It is expressed in the intestinal tract when Clostridium difficile colonizes and proliferates often leading to severe gastrointestinal conditions. The presence of toxins including both Toxin A and Toxin B contributes to the pathogenicity of C. diff infection.\u003cbr\u003e\nBiological function summary\u003cbr\u003e\nThis toxin exerts its effects by modifying intracellular signaling pathways disrupting tight junctions and leading to cell apoptosis. Toxin B specifically targets the Rho family of GTPases through glucosylation leading to actin cytoskeleton disorganization and subsequent cell rounding and tissue damage. It functions independently but works in conjunction with Toxin A to enhance virulence. As part of its biological role Toxin B proves essential in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with C. diff infection.\u003cbr\u003e\nPathways\u003cbr\u003e\nResearch shows Toxin B's involvement in the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton pathway. This pathway alteration results from direct modification of small GTP-binding proteins such as RhoA Rac and Cdc42. Toxin B's activity leads to loss of cell structure and increased cell lysis showcasing how it fits into major cellular integrity pathways. Its interaction with these proteins places it alongside other microbial toxins that manipulate host cell signaling.\u003cbr\u003e\nToxin B has a strong association with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) which often manifests as pseudomembranous colitis. CDI presents with symptoms such as severe diarrhea and colonic inflammation. Furthermore Toxin B contributes significantly to the disease severity in comparison to other microbial toxins. While Toxin A also plays a role studies suggest that Toxin B's impact on the intestinal epithelium is more severe marking it as a critical target for therapeutic intervention against CDI.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Abcam","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46843799175337,"sku":"ab124001","price":0.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/iright.com\/ar\/products\/abcam-ab124001","provider":"Iright","version":"1.0","type":"link"}