Biolegend, 612156, Biotin anti-human HMGB-1 Antibody, 50μg

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) is a protein highly conserved across species that is present in the nuclei (chromatin associated) and cytoplasm of all cells. In the cytoplasm, HMGB-1 is a critical regulator of autophagy, enhances cell survival, and limits apoptosis. It also acts as a chaperone that reduces protein aggregation caused by heat or chemical stress. HMGB-1 is released to the extracellular milieu by inflammatory cells and by necrotic and apoptotic cells. Once released, it functions as an inflammatory cytokine and it is secreted by macrophages and monocytes as a late response to LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, or IFN-γ. Interestingly, the inflammatory activity of extracellular HMGB-1 is dependent upon its redox state. The protein possesses three cysteine residues: C23, C45, and C106. In its reduced state, HMGB-1, (-SH), has chemotactic activity; whereas HMGB-1, with a disulfide bond between C23 and C45, induces cytokine production and the activation of NF-κB. The fully oxidized form has no immune function, losing its proinflammatory effect and the caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death activation function. HMGB-1 interacts with several molecules, such as IL-1β, RNA, DNA, LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and CXCL12. Thus, HMGB-1 displays greater proinflammatory activity through cytokine binding, and the chemotactic property is mediated by CXCL12 binding. Extracellular HMGB-1 contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which include sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. It has also been associated with chronic pain and delayed gastric ulcer healing in mice.
50μg
Verified Reactivity: Human
Antibody Type: Monoclonal
Host Species: Rat
Immunogen: Human Recombinant HMGB-1 Protein
Formulation: Phosphate-buffered solution, pH 7.2, containing 0.09% sodium azide
Preparation: The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography and conjugated with biotin under optimal conditions.
Concentration: 0.5 mg/mL
Storage & Handling: The antibody solution should be stored undiluted between 2°C and 8°C. Do not freeze.
Application: Direct ELISA - Quality tested
Recommended Usage: Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by Direct ELISA. The optimal concentration of this reagent for the specific application and the experiment design should be established by the end-user.
Additional Product Notes: This product is intended for sandwich-based immunoassay development on various assay platforms requiring antibody pairs. This antibody (clone A18137B) could function as a detection antibody when paired with purified anti-human HMGB-1 antibody (Cat No. 612154) (Clone W23075C) as the capture antibody and using recombinant Human HMGB-1 (carrier-free) (Cat Nos. 557804) protein as the assay standard.
RRID: AB_3720583 (BioLegend Cat. No. 612156)
Structure: Monomer
Distribution: Present in all cells' nuclei, released from a variety of cells including: activated macrophages/monocytes, pituicytes, human PBMC, maturing dendritic cells, and murine erythroleukemia cells.
Function: HMGB1 activates inflammatory responses, induces chemotactic responses, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. It is induced by TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ and LPS.
Interaction: T cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and neurons
Ligand/Receptor: RAGE, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9
Cell Type: B cells
Biology Area: Cell Biology, Immunology, Transcription Factors
Molecular Family: Nuclear Markers
Antigen References: Wang H, et al. 1999. Science. 285:248. Andersson U, et al. 2000. J. Exp. Med. 192:565. Scaffidi P, et al. 2002. Nature. 418:191. Tang D, et al. 2010. J. Cell Biol. 190:881. Venereau E, et al. 2012. J. Exp. Med. 209:1519. Min HJ, et al. 2013. J. Immunol. 190:1797.
Gene ID: 3146
UniProt: View information about HMGB-1 on UniProt.org
Clone: A18137B
Regulatory Status: RUO
Other Names: HMG-1, amphoterin, chromosomal protein non histone HMG1, HMGB-1
Isotype: Rat IgG2b, κ
Q: How many biotin molecules are per antibody structure?
A: We don't routinely measure the number of biotins with our antibody products but the number of biotin molecules range from 3-6 molecules per antibody.