Merck, N7004-25G, β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a vital coenzyme that transcends its traditional role as an \electron carrier,\ influencing diverse cellular processes. In cell biology, NAD operates as a crucial electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, driving the production of ATP, the cell′s primary energy source. This electron flow sustains basic cellular maintenance and complex signaling pathways. Beyond its energetic role, NAD serves as a dynamic signaling molecule, dictating cellular responses to various stimuli. Fluctuations in NAD concentration trigger events in DNA repair, gene expression, and cell death, allowing cells to adapt to stress and maintain homeostasis. In biochemical research, NAD emerges as a vital cofactor for enzymes like sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and cADP-ribose synthases. These enzymes rely on NAD+ for catalytic activity, influencing processes such as protein deacetylation, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. In metabolomics, NAD plays a key role in metabolic pathways, making it a significant focus for understanding cellular metabolism comprehensively. NAD participates in additional intricate cellular processes, serving as a substrate for ADP-ribosylation—a post-translational modification affecting protein function. It also acts as a precursor for cyclic ADP-ribose, a second messenger molecule involved in calcium mobilization and cell communication. Research on NAD holds promise across various areas, including aging, where its role is actively investigated. Studies also explore its implications in neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic imbalances.